المسؤولية القانونية للوسيط الالكتروني عن ابرام عقود التجارة الدولية (بطريقة الذكاء الاصطناعي )

Arabic References:

First: Books.

1- Dr. Ahmed Hassan Muhammad Ali, Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Robots, First Edition, Dar Al-Nahda for Publishing and Distribution, 2022.

2- Dr. Talib Hassan Musa, International Trade Contracts, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2008.

3- Dr. Basem Muhammad Saleh, Commercial Law, Part One - General Theory - The Merchant - Commercial Contracts, Legal Library, Baghdad, no publication year.

4- Salah Al-Fadhli, The Mechanism of the Human Mind, First Edition, Egypt, Cairo, 2018.

5- Abdul Hamid Basyouni, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence for Computers, First Edition, University Publishing House for Printing, Cairo, 1994.

6- Abdul Razzaq Ahmed Al-Sanhuri, The Intermediate Guide to Explaining the New Civil Law, Part One, The Theory of Obligation in General, Volume One, Al-Halabi Legal Publications, New Edition, 2015.

7- Dr. Abdul Majeed Al-Hakim, Dr. Abdul-Baqi Al-Bakri, Dr. Muhammad Taha Al-Bashir, A Concise Guide to the Theory of Obligation in Iraqi Civil Law, Part One: Sources of Obligation, Baghdad Legal Library, 1980.

8- Mustafa Al-Nimr, Towards New Horizons for Governance (Blockchain), Egyptian Institute for Studies, 2017.

9- Nasr Abu Al-Futuh Farid Hassan, Smart Contracts: Nature and Provisions, An Analytical Study, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Ilmiya, UAE, 1st Edition, 2022.

10- Dr. Haitham Al-Sayed Ahmed, The Emergence of Smart Contracts in the Blockchain Era, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1st Edition, 2021.

Second: Theses and Dissertations

11- Bakr Tariq Khalaf, Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence in the Transportation Sector, PhD Dissertation submitted to Mansoura University, Faculty of Law, 2025.

12- Salam Abdullah Karim, The Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Law, University of Karbala, 2022. 13- Ammar Abdul Hussein Ali Shah, The Legal System of Smart Contracts, PhD dissertation submitted to the University of Baghdad – College of Law, 2023.

Third: Research:

14- Ahmed Qasim Faraj, The Use of Smart Agents in E-Commerce: A Comparative Legal Study of the Nature and Validity of Their Actions, published in Al-Mufakker Journal, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Biskra, Algeria, Issue 16, December 2017.

15- Dr. Ahmed Ali Hassan Othman, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Civil Law – A Comparative Study, published in the Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Zagazig University, Issue 76, 2021.

16- Dr. Ahmed Mustafa Al-Dabousi, The Legal Issues of Smart Agents Concluding Smart Commerce Contracts in the Era of Blockchain: Kuwait and the UAE as Case Studies, published in the Kuwait International Law School Journal, Year 8, Issue 8, 2020. 17- Ahmed Mustafa Al-Dabousi, "Legal Issues of Smart Agents Concluding Commercial Contracts in the Blockchain Era: A Comparative Analytical Study," published in the Kuwaiti Journal of Law, Volume 8, Issue 8, 2020.

18- Dr. Ibrahim Salama Ahmed Shousha, "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and its Commercial Applications on Commercial Law," published in the Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, Cairo, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2024.

19- Ibrahim Al-Desouki Abu Al-Leil, "Smart Contracts and Artificial Intelligence: Their Role in Automating Contracts and Legal Transactions, A Study of the Role of Technological Advancement in Developing Contract Theory," published in the Journal of Law, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Volume 44, Issue 4, 2020.

20- Dr. Alaa Yaqoub Al-Nuaimi, "The Electronic Agent: Its Concept and Legal Nature," published in the University of Sharjah Journal of Sharia and Legal Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2015. 21- Rafaf Lakhdar, Maouch Fayrouz, The Specificity of Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence in Algerian Law, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2023.

22- Dr. Gamal Abdel Aziz Omar, Smart Contracts and the Challenges of Their Contemporary Applications, a research paper published in the Journal of Legal Research, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2024.

23- Dr. Sherif Ghanem, The Role of the Electronic Agent in E-Commerce: A Study in Light of the 2005 United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in Smart Contracts, a research paper published in the Journal of Law for Economic and Legal Research, Alexandria University, Faculty of Law, Issue 2, 2010.

24- Abdel Razzaq Wahba Sayed Ahmed, The Concept of the Smart Contract from the Perspective of Civil Law: An Analytical Study, a research paper published in the Journal of Administrative, Legal, and Economic Sciences, National Research Center, Gaza, Issue 8, 2021.

25- Dr. Mohsen Shafiq, Technology Transfer from a Legal Perspective, Cairo University Press and University Book, Cairo, 1983.

26- Musab Thaer Abdul Sattar, Tort Liability Related to Artificial Intelligence, Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, College of Law and Political Science, University of Diyala, Iraq, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2021.

27- Muhammad Irfan Al-Khatib, The Legal Status of Robots, Research published in the Journal of the International College of Law, Kuwait, Vol. 4, No. 24.

Fourth: Foreign Language References:

1- See, Stan Franklin and Art Graesser, Is it an Agent, or just a Program? Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, Springer-Verlag, 1996.

2- David Gilbert, IBM Intelligent Agent Strategy White Paper, IBM Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1995. 3- Archie SmithJr, Biopolitics: Look in the Lost and Found for Peace of Mind, Springer US, 2019

4- Minsky M: steps Toward Artificial Intelligence, proceedings of the IRE USA, 1996.

5- Minsky M: steps Toward Artificial Intelligence, proceedings of the IRE USA, 1996

6- Wooldridge & Jennings, Intelligent Agents: Theory and practice, Knowledge engineering Review, Camb. Up, Vol. 10, N 2, June 1995.

7- Marc Pi;kington, Blockchain Technology: Principles Applications, Research H