الإطار القانوني للتنمية المستدامة في العراق: دراسة في التفاعل بين الالتزامات الدولية والتشريعات الوطنية

المؤلفون

  • م.د. سرى باسم عبد المجيد المؤلف
  • م.م. مصطفى هشام هجرس المؤلف

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65263/hxtjn709

الكلمات المفتاحية:

(التنمية المستدامة، الإطار القانوني، الالتزامات الدولية، التشريعات الوطنية، الدستور، القوانين الداخلية، التنمية الاقتصادية)

الملخص

 شهد العالم مؤخراً تحولات في طبيعة التنمية وأدواتها، بعد أن أثبتت النماذج التقليدية قصورها عن تحقيق التوازن بين متطلبات النمو الاقتصادي من جهة، والحفاظ على الموارد الطبيعية وضمان العدالة الاجتماعية من جهة أخرى. ونتيجة لذلك، برز مفهوم التنمية المستدامة بوصفه إطاراً فكرياً وقانونياً شاملاً يهدف إلى تلبية احتياجات الجيل الحاضر دون الإضرار بحقوق الأجيال القادمة، مع مراعاة الأبعاد الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية على حد سواء، وقد اكتسب هذا المفهوم أهمية متزايدة على الصعيد الدولي، حيث تبنته الأمم المتحدة والمنظمات الدولية من خلال العديد من الإعلانات والاتفاقيات الدولية، وصولاً إلى اعتماد أجندة التنمية المستدامة 2030 التي حددت سبعة عشر هدفاً عالمياً تلزم الدول الأعضاء، ومن بينها العراق، باتخاذ التدابير التشريعية والمؤسسية اللازمة لتنفيذها. ولم تعد التنمية المستدامة مجرد توجه سياسي أو التزام أخلاقي، بل أصبحت مبدأ قانونياً مؤثراً في صياغة السياسات العامة والتشريعات الوطنية. وفي السياق العراقي تكتسب التنمية المستدامة أهمية مضاعفة نظراً لما مر به البلد من تحديات سياسية واقتصادية وأمنية فضلاً عن الأزمات البينية المتفاقمة كالتصحر، وشح المياه، وتدهور الأراضي، والتلوث. كما يعتمد الاقتصاد العراقي بدرجة كبيرة على الموارد الطبيعية، ولا سيما النفط الأمر الذي يفرض ضرورة تبني إطار قانوني فعّال يضمن حسن إدارة هذه الموارد واستثمارها بما يحقق التنمية الشاملة والمستدامة، ويحد من آثار الاستنزاف البيني والاقتصادي.

المراجع

First: legal books:

1.Ahmed Mohamed Abou Zeid and Ahmed Moussa Baalbaki et al., economic growth and sustainable development in the Arab countries, political and social dimensions, Vol.1, Arab Center for research and Policy Studies, Doha, 2013.

2.Honor olzo, the development and reconstruction of the Iraqi economy, translated by the Iraq Research Center, Vol. 1, Dar Al-Hawra for trade, printing and publishing, Baghdad 2006

3.Daoud Abdel Razzak El-Baz, the constitutional basis for the protection of the environment from pollution (an analytical study within the framework of the legal concept of Environment and pollution, Vol. 1, university thought House, Alexandria 2006

4.Suhair Ibrahim Hajim al-Hiti, international legal mechanisms for Environmental Protection in the framework of sustainable development, Vol.1, Al-Halabi human rights publications, Beirut, 2014.

5.Suhair Ibrahim Hajim al-Hiti, international legal mechanisms for Environmental Protection in the framework of sustainable development, Vol.1, Al-Halabi human rights publications, Beirut, 2014.

6.Safa al-Din Muhammad Abdul Hakim al-Safi, the human right to economic development and its protection internationally, first edition, al-Halabi human rights publications, Beirut, 2005.

7.Abbas Kazem Jassim Al-daami and Alia Thaer Mardan, wealth and the perspective of generational justice in Iraq, Al Bayan Center for studies and Planning, Department of research and economic studies, Baghdad 2024

8.Abdulaziz Al-nuwaidi, the right to development between international law and international relations (Arabic version), i1, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, University of California, USA, 1998

9.Abdullah khabaya and Rabah boukra, economic realities, economic globalization, sustainable development, Alexandria University, Egypt, 2009.

10.Nasser Ziad hayagneh, environmental law, the general theory of Environmental Law with an explanation of environmental legislation, Vol. 2, House of culture for publishing and distribution, Amman, 2014.

11.Othman Mohammed Ghoneim and Magda Abu Zant, sustainable development, its philosophy, planning methods and measurement tools, Vol.1, Safa publishing house, Amman, 2014.

12.Ammar Jafar Mahdi al-Azzawi, sustainable development in Iraq (indicators, opportunities, challenges), Marko Hammurabi for research and Strategic Studies, 2024.

13.Kazem Alaa Hussein, renewable energy and its impact on sustainable development in Iraq, al-Sanhouri publishing library, Baghdad, 2015.

14.Karim Salem Hussein, towards a strategic vision for Sustainable Development for 2030 in Iraq, Al Bayan Center for studies and Planning, University of Qadisiyah, Iraq, 2018.

15.Marbon Farouk slughelt, from Revolution to dictatorship (Iraq since 19588), translated by Malik al-nabras, al-Jamal publications, 2003

16.Malik Hussein al-Hamid, economic dimensions of environmental problems and the impact of sustainable development, Dijla printing house, Amman, 2014.

17.Nawzad Abdul Rahman al-Hiti, sustainable development, the general framework and applications, the UAE as a model, i1, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and research, Abu Dhabi, 2009.

Second: legal journals and periodicals:

1.Ahmed Abdul Jabbar Hamid, sustainable development in Iraq: the importance of achieving the sixteenth goal after 2015, research published in the Journal of International Studies, University of Baghdad, issue ninety-ninth, 2024, P. 440

2.Ahmed Abdul Hassan kaih and others, public-private partnerships for Sustainable Development, Journal of entrepreneurship and business, Vol.6, No. 1, Iraq, 2025.

3.Hossam Abdul Amir Khalaf, sustainable development and nuclear energy, Journal of Legal Sciences, vol.34, No. 1, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 2019.

4.Shahla Suleiman Mohammed, the duty of Management in combating desertification and drought in Iraq, Journal of legal and Political Sciences, University of Diyala, Vol.12, No. 2, Iraq, 2023.

5.Abdullah Mohammed, sustainable development (concept, elements and dimensions), Diyala Magazine, Issue 67, Iraq, 2015.

6.Lebanon phone Shami and Israa Alaeddin Nouri, the reality of sustainable development in Iraq: obstacles, challenges and development strategies, research published in the Journal of Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University, special issue of the Eighth International Scientific Conference, 2018

7.Mahmoud Mohamed mangoud Aboul Gheit, the legal basis of sustainable development in the light of the norms of international law, proceedings of the conference: legal and economic aspects of economic development, Volume 2, Ain Shams University, Faculty of law, Cairo, 2022.

8.Marwan Hussein Ahmed and Dr. Fawzi Hussein Salman, legal protection of the right to sustainable development, research published in the Journal of Basra studies, supplement issue (48), year 18, June 2023

9.Marwa Yasser Ghazi Al Faisal, international agreements on clean energy and sustainable development, Journal of the Iraqi university, Vol.74, No. 6, Iraq, 2025.

10.Nizar Theyab Assaf, the reality of sustainable development and the requirements for achieving it in Iraq, Fallujah university magazine, No. 7, Iraq, 2016.

11.Statistical report of the Ministry of Planning (Sustainable Development Goals), issued by the Central Bureau of Statistics, Department of Human Development statistics, Baghdad 2017

Third: international resolutions and conferences:

1. The United Nations conference on the human environment in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972.

2. United Nations General Assembly resolution 44/228, 1989.

3. The United Nations conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992.

4. Sustainable Development Conference Johannesburg 2002.

Fourth: constitutions and legislation:

1.The Iraqi constitution of 1963 was abrogated.

2.The interim Iraqi constitution of 1964 was repealed.

3.The abrogated Iraqi constitution of 1968

4.The Iraqi state administration law for the transitional period of 2004 was repealed.

5.The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in force for the year 2005.

6.Law regulating the exploitation of beaches No. 59 of 1987

7.Ministry of higher education and scientific research Law No. 40 of 1988 as amended.

8.Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Law No. 8 of 2006

9.Environmental Protection and improvement Law No. 27 of 2009

10.Wild Animals Protection Law No. 17 of 2010

11.Ministry of Education Law No. 22 of 2011.

12.Ministry of Agriculture Law No. 10 of 2013

13.Animal Health Law No. 32 of 2013

14.Labor Law No. 37 of 2015.

15.Noise Control Law No. 41 of 2015.

16.Federal general budget law of the Republic of Iraq for the fiscal year 2021 No. 23 of 2021

17.Federal general budget law of the Republic of Iraq for fiscal years (2023-2024-2025) No. 13 of 2023.

Fourth: websites:

* Iraq: Sustainable Development Goals 2030, article published on the website: https://mop.gov.iq/documents/Regional&loca

التنزيلات

منشور

2026-06-29

إصدار

القسم

البحوث القانونية