إشكالية مقترح قانون تعديل قانون الأحوال الشخصية العراقي رقم (188) لسنة 1959(دراسة تحليلية)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
إشكالية، مقترح تعديل، قانون الأحوال الشخصية، التمذهب، القاصرات.الملخص
قانون الأحوال الشخصية يحتل مركزا مهماً وحساساً في المجتمعات الإنسانية بشكل عام، وذلك لارتباطه الوثيق بتكوين وتنظيم العلاقات في الحياة الأسرية، وتعلقه بمعتقدات الفرد ومركزه الاجتماعي داخل المجتمع مما يعني أن حدوث أي تغيير أو تعديل قد يهز المجتمع بأسره، ويقسمه إلى مؤيدين ورافضين له، وهذا ما نلمسه اليوم بالفعل في مجتمعنا العراقي بعد تقديم اقتراح قانون تعديل قانون الأحوال الشخصية العراقي رقم (188) لسنة 1959 إلى مجلس النواب، مما أحدث تجاذبات في الآراء وخلافات واسعة وعميقة حول تناقض المقترح مع النصوص التشريعية القائمة بدءاً بالنصوص الدستورية وانتهاءً بنصوص القانون المدني - باعتباره القانون الأم للقوانين الخاصة – وقانون الأحوال الشخصية المعمول.
هذا الصراع المحتدم بين فئات مختلفة في المجتمع حول التعديل يعد مشكلة حقيقية لأنه لا يهدد نظام الأسرة العراقية فحسب إنما يهدد السلم والاستقرار الاجتماعي والاقتصادي بل والسياسي والأمني أيضاً باعتبار أنه يكرس النزعة القومية والطائفية التي عانى ويعاني من آثارها السلبية الشعب العراقي منذ قرون، ومن جانب آخر فإن مقترح التعديل يمس حقوق أضعف فئة من فئات المجتمع وهي فئة النساء والأطفال حيث لا يمكن التغاضي عن حقوقهم، لذلك تركز هذه الدراسة على أهم محاورها (أي التمذهب وتزويج القاصرات) في حدود النصوص القانونية والآراء الفقهية بشكل موضوعي وبمنهجية قانونية تحليلية.
المراجع
Al-Quran Al-Karim
First: Books:
1. Dr. Ahmad Al-Kubaisi, The Precise Explanation of the Personal Status Law and its Amendments, Volume 1: Marriage, Divorce, and Their Effects, Legal Library, 2nd Edition, Baghdad, 2006.
2. Dr. Ahmad Mukhtar Omar, Contemporary Arabic Language Dictionary, World of Books, 1st Edition, Cairo, 2008, Vol. 1.
3. Iqbal Ahmad Abdulrahman Abu-Doum, Islamic Concept related to The Family, Dar Al-Saddad for Printing, Khartoum, (No publication date).
4. Butros Al-Bustani, The Surrounded Surrounding, Library of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon, 1977.
5. Taj al-Din Abdulwahab bin Ali Al-Subki, The comparative collected in Usul Al-Fiqh, annotated and with footnotes by Abdul Monem Khalil Ibrahim, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, Beirut, Lebanon, 1424 AH - 2003 AD.
6.
7. Dr. Khalid bin Musa'id bin Muhammad Al-Ruwaitih, The Madhhab – A Critical Theoretical Study, Al-Tadmoriyah Publishing House, 1st Edition, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1434 AH - 2013 AD, Vol. 1.
8. Dr. Khadijah Karrar Sheikh Tayeb Badr, The Family in the West – Reasons for Changing its Concept and Function, Family Studies Institute at the University of Omdurman Islamic, Khartoum, 1426 AH - 2005 AD.
9. Dr. Salem bin Abdulghani Al-Rafa’i, Personal Status Provisions for Muslims in the West, Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut, Lebanon, 1st Edition, 1423 AH - 2002 AD.
10. Louis Ma’louf, Al-Munjid in the Arabic Language, Literature, and Sciences, 17th Edition, Catholic Press, Beirut, Lebanon, 1960, p. 240.
11. Majd al-Din Muhammad bin Ya’qoub Al-Firuzabadi, Al-Qamus Al-Muhit, edited by the Heritage Research Office at Al-Risalah Foundation under the supervision of Muhammad Na'im Al-‘Arqousi, 8th Edition, Al-Risalah Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, 1426 AH - 2005 AD.
12. The Arabic Language Academy, Al-Mu’jam Al-Wajeez, Ministry of Education, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1424 AH - 2003 AD.
13. Muhammad bin Jarir Al-Tabari, Tafseer Al-Tabari, available on the website:
https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library.
14. Abi Hayyan Muhammad bin Yusuf Al-Tuhidi, Al-Irtishaf Al-Darb min Lisan Al-Arab, edited by Dr. Rajab Osman Muhammad, Al-Khanji Library, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1418 AH, Vol. 1.
15. Dr. Mustafa Al-Khan and others, Methodological Jurisprudence According to Imam Al-Shafi’i’s Madhhab, Dar Al-Qalam, Damascus, 14th Edition, 1434 AH - 2013 AD, Vol. 2, p. 86 and onwards.
16. Abi Al-Hasan Ali bin Mumin, known as Ibn Asfour Al-Ishbili, Al-Mut’ah Fi Al-Tasreef, edited by Dr. Fakhruddin Qabawah, Dar Al-Ma’arifah, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1407 AH, Vol. 1.
Second: Scientific Journals:
1. Dr. Ilham Ahmad Abdulaziz Al-Sayed, Early Marriage and Its Impact on Family and Societal, Journal of Sharia and Law at Tanta, Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2023, available on the website:
https://mksq.journals.ekb.eg/article_290461.html.
2. Amal Saleh Saad Rajeh, Early Marriage in Yemeni Society: Causes and Effects, Journal of Aden University for Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021, available on the website:
https://ejua.net/index.php/EJUA-HS/article/view/79.
3. Haider Jawad Kazem, Early Marriage: Causes and Effects – A Field Study in Basra City, Basra Arts Journal, Issue (101), 2022, available on the website:
https://www.basradab.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/17
4. Dr. Khalid Muhammad Saleh and Boukan Abubakr Karim, The Concept of Family and Its Formation in the Iraqi Personal Status Law, Journal of Legal and Political Studies, Sixth Year, Issue (11), 2018.
5. Samia Abdulrazzaq Khalaf, Family Court – A Study in Iraqi and Comparative Judicial Organization, Journal of Law College - University of Nahrain, Volume 23, Issue 1, 2021, available on the website:
https://journal.nahrainlaw.org/index.php/ar/article/view.
6. Dr. Abeer Muhammad Sarour, Early Marriage in the Displaced Rural Family, Journal of Damascus University, Volume 32, Issue 2, 2016, available on the website:
https://www.damascusuniversity.edu.sy/ma.
7. Mustafa Hamdi Ahmad and others, A Social Study on the Phenomenon of Early Marriage in the Rural Areas of Asyut Governorate, Asyut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 50, Issue 2, 2019, available on the website:
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_41314.
8. Wissam Adel Kazem, The Impact of Female Puberty on Marriage Contracts, Journal of Law Studies and Legal Research, Issue 18, 2019.
Third: Legislations:
1. The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 (in force).
2. Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951 and its amendments.
3. Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959.
4. Iraqi Juvenile Care Law No. (76) of 1983.
5. Egyptian Child Law No. (12) of 1996, amended by Law No. (126) of 2008.
6. Kurdistan Regional Government Family Violence Law No. (8) of 2011.
Fourth: Websites:
1. Osama Shihab Hamad Al-Ja’afari, Proposal to Amend the Iraqi Personal Status Law. in Legal Logic, available on the website:
https://www.alarabiya.net/politics/2024/08/01/%.
2. Sahar Hwijah, Forced Marriages and Factors Influencing the Widening of the Early Marriage Phenomenon Among Syrian Girls, available on the website:
https://sl-center.org/2018/10/%D8.
3. Shadha Al-Aamili, Amendments to the Personal Status Law: Do They Preserve Iraqi Family Rights or Threaten Them? available on the website:
https://www.independentarabia.com/node.
4. Dr. Shawki Ibrahim Alam, The Importance of Marriage Contracts in Islamic Law, available on the website:
https://www.dar-alifta.org/ar/fatawa/18491.
5. The National Population Council under Dr. Tarek Tawfiq’s supervision, Child Marriage (Early or Underage) – A Legal or Societal Awareness Issue, 2022, available on the website:
http://npc.gov.eg/media/l5ninfs5/%D8%B2.
6. Ali Hussein Obaid, Deconstructing Values in Iraqi Society, available on the website:
https://annabaa.org/nbanews/2014/11/263.htm.
7. A Scientific Committee led by Amina Afrukhi and others, Diagnostic Study on Early Marriage, The Public Prosecution of the Kingdom of Morocco, available on the website:
https://www.unicef.org/morocco/media.
