المواجهة التشريعية للجريمة السياسية في ظل قانون العقوبات العراقي
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الجريمة ، الجريمة السياسية، القانون، العراقالملخص
تُعتبر الجريمة السياسية في العراق ظاهرة معقدة ومتشعبة، تتأثر بالتاريخ السياسي والاجتماعي للبلاد، وتتفاعل مع التطورات الإقليمية والدولية، وقد كشف هذا البحث عن أهمية دراسة هذه الجريمة لفهم أبعادها القانونية والاجتماعية والسياسية، وتحديد الآليات الفعالة للحد منها، أظهر البحث أن التشريعات العراقية الحالية الخاصة بالجريمة السياسية تحتاج إلى مزيد من التطوير والتحديث، لضمان شموليتها وفاعليتها في مواجهة التحديات المتزايدة، كما سلط الضوء على الحاجة إلى تعزيز استقلال القضاء، وتوفير الضمانات الكافية لحقوق المتهمين، وتطوير آليات للتعاون الدولي في مكافحة الإرهاب والجريمة المنظمة.
المراجع
First: Books
1. Abdul Wahab Houmad, Political Crime, Dar Al-Maarif, Lebanon, 1963.
2. Ali Hussein Al-Khalaf, The Intermediate Explanation of the Penal Code: General Theory, Volume I, 3rd ed., Al-Zahraa Press, Baghdad, 1968.
3. Dr. Al-Saeed Mostafa Al-Saeed, General Provisions of the Penal Code, 4th ed., Dar Al-Maarif Press, Egypt, 1962.
4. Dr. Sami Al-Nasrawi, General Principles in the Penal Code, Part I: The Crime, 1st ed., Dar Al-Salam Press, Baghdad, 1977.
5. Dr. Mohammed Al-Fadel, Crimes Against State Security, Part I, New Press, Damascus, 1987.
6. Dr. Suleiman Al-Tamawi, referenced by Adel Reda and Wasfi Al-Tal, The Killer and the Killed: Assassination in Legal and Political Thought, Herodotus Press, no publication date.
7. Dr. Magdy Mahmoud Mohib Hafiz, The Criminal Protection of State Secrets: An Applied Study of Treason and Espionage Crimes in Egyptian and Comparative Legislation, 1st ed., no publisher, 1991.
8. Dr. Suleiman Abdul-Moneim, Procedural Aspects of the Legal System for Extraditing Criminals: A Comparative Study, New University Press, 2117.
9. Dr. Mohammed Gomaa Abdel Qader, Crimes Against State Security: Theory and Jurisprudence, 1st ed., no publisher, no publication date.
10. Dr. Al-Saeed Mostafa Al-Saeed (previously cited), p. 84; Dr. Mahmoud Mostafa, Explanation of the Penal Code: General Section, Cairo University Press, 1967.
11. Dr. Mahmoud Naguib Hosni, The General Theory of Criminal Intent, 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1972.
12. Dr. Abdel-Hamid Al-Shawarbi, Political Crimes, Arrest Orders, and Emergency Law, Al-Maarif Establishment, Alexandria, 1989.
13. Dr. Suleiman Abdul-Moneim, Procedural Aspects of the Legal System for Extraditing Criminals: A Comparative Study, New University Press, 2017, p. 167 and beyond.
14. Dr. Ramses Behnam, The Special Section in the Penal Code: Crimes Against Internal State Security and Crimes Against Persons and Property, Al-Maarif Establishment, Alexandria, 1981.
15. Mohammed Labib Sheneb, Lessons in the Theory of Rights, Al-Ta’leef Press, 1977.
16. Dr. Mustafa Abu Zaid Fahmy, The General Theory of the State, 5th ed., University Publications House, Cairo, 1997.
17. Dr. Adel Azer, The General Theory of Crime Circumstances, International Press, Cairo, 1967.
18. Dr. Gendy Abdel-Malek, The Criminal Encyclopedia, Volume III, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Arabiya Press, Cairo, 1931.
19. Dr. Hamid Al-Saadi, Explanation of the New Penal Code, Volume I, Al-Maarif Press, Baghdad, 1970.
20. Dr. Ahmed Fathy Sorour, The Intermediate in Penal Law: The Special Section, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1979.
Second: Research Papers
1. Omar Abdul-Rahim Anbar, Political Crimes, published in The Governmental Litigation Administration Journal, Issue No. 2, Year 17, 1973.
2. Dr. Jacques Youssef Al-Hakim, Political Crimes, published in The Advocacy Journal, Issue No. 6, Year 41, 1961.
3. Gomaa Saadoun, The Concept of Political Crime in the New Penal Code, published in The Jurist Magazine, Issues 1 and 2, Year 4, 1971.
4. Mohammed Atiya Ragheb, Political Crime in Comparative Arab Legislation, published in Modern Egypt Magazine, Cairo, Year 54, Issue No. 314, 1963.
5. Dr. Jacques Youssef Al-Hakim, Political Crimes, published in The Advocacy Journal, Issue No. 6, Year 41, 1961.
6. Dr. Mohammed Mohiuddin Awad, Studies in International Criminal Law, published in The Law and Economics Journal, Issue No. 3, 1965.
Third: Theses and Dissertations
1. Elham Mohammed Al-Aqel, The Principle of Non-Extradition for Political Crimes: A Comparative Study, Master's Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law, Cairo University, 1992, p. 111.
Fourth: Laws
1. Refer to Article 21/A of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969.
2. Decision of the Iraqi Court of Cassation No. 487/T/1972 dated 5/9/1972, published in The Judicial Bulletin, Issue No. 4, Year 4, 1973, p. 195, as cited by Dr. Ali Hussein Al-Khalaf, Previously Cited Source, p. 425.
3. Refer to Article 21/A/4 of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969.
4. Refer to Article 291 of the Syrian Penal Code and Article 311 of the Lebanese Penal Code.
