المسؤولية المدنية عن الاضرار البيئية اشكالية الاثبات والتعويض
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الضرر البيئي، المسؤولية المدنية، القانون المدني.الملخص
: تواجه المسؤولية المدنية الناتجة عن الضرر البيئي اكثر من إشكالية متصلة باركان المسؤولية المدنية كانعدام توافر ركن الخطأ او عدم توفر العلاقة السببية بين ركن الخطأ وركن الضرر وطبيعة ركن الضرر البيئي وصعوبة التعويض العيني وعدم تناسب التعويض النقدي مع حجم الضرر البيئي او انتفاء الأساس القانوني الذي بني عليه حق المتضرر من الحصول على التعويض و ما يعد فعلا ضارا وفق قواعد المسؤولية المدنية في ظل القانون المدني يجعل الفاعل مسؤولا عن الاضرار والمخاطر لذلك بات من الضروري انعقاد مسؤولية الفاعل وجبر المضرور أيا كان شخصا طبيعيا او معنويا بالتعويض المناسب .
المراجع
First: Books
• Abd El-Latif, Mohamed Mohamed. Climate Lawsuits. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabia, 2021.
• Al-Bayeh, Mohsen Abdel Hamid. Civil Liability for Environmental Damages. No Publisher, 2002.
• Hawas, Ata Saad Mohamed. Conditions of Liability for Pollution Damages: Polluting Neighbor’s Activity – Environmental Pollution Damage – Causal Link Between Pollution Damage and Neighbor’s Activity. Alexandria: New University House, 2012.
• Nahri, Magdy Medhat. State Liability for Environmental Pollution Damages. Mansoura: New Al-Jalaa Library, 2002.
• Raslan, Nabila Ismail. Civil Liability for Environmental Damages. Alexandria: New University House, 2007.
Second: Theses and Research Papers
• Abdel Rahman, Boufelja. “Civil Liability for Environmental Damages and the Role of Insurance.” PhD Dissertation in Private Law, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Faculty of Law and Political Science, 2015–2016.
• Al-Hadithi, Hala Salah. “Compensation for Environmental Damages Caused by Unknown Persons.” Published in Message of Rights Journal, Faculty of Law, University of Karbala, Vol. 1, Eleventh Year.
• Al-Mundhiri, Muhanna bin Saleh bin Said. Administrative Liability for Environmental Pollution Damages. Master’s Thesis in Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University, 2009.
• Barabah, Mounir. “Civil Liability for Environmental Damage.” Published in Scientific Horizons Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2024.
• Gad El-Rab, Abdullah. Environmental Protection from Pollution in Administrative Law and Islamic Jurisprudence: A Comparative Study. PhD Dissertation in Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Assiut University, 2009.
• Helal, Mostafa Salah El-Din Abdel-Sami. Administrative Responsibility of the State for Noise Pollution. PhD Dissertation in Public Law, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, 2009.
• Ismail, Ashraf Mohamed. Insurance Coverage for Environmental Damage Risks: A Comparative Study. Paper presented at the Environment and Law Conference, Faculty of Law, Tanta University, 2018. Available at: https://law.tanta.edu.eg/files/conf5 (https://law.tanta.edu.eg/files/conf5/%D8%A7%D9%84 (Accessed: March 5, 2025).
• Tarkawi, Ammar Khalil Al-Muhaimid Al-Drees. “State Responsibility for Environmental Pollution Damages: A Comparative Study.” PhD Dissertation in Law, Faculty of Law, Ain Shams University, 2007.
• Yahia, Ounas. Legal Mechanisms for Environmental Protection in Algeria. PhD Dissertation in Public Law, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, July 2007.
Third: Laws
• Iraqi Civil Procedure Law No. 23 of 1971 (as amended).
• Iraqi Civil Code No. 40 of 1951 (as amended).
• Iraqi Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control Law No. 54 of 1979.
• Iraqi Environmental Protection and Improvement Law No. 27 of 2009.
• Iraqi Health Public Law No. 89 of 1981 (as amended).
• Instructions for the Management of Healthcare Waste No. 1 of 2015.
• Iraqi Draft Civil Code.
• Yemeni Environmental Protection Law No. 26 of 1995.
Fourth: Foreign Sources
• Bodansky, Daniel. “International Human Rights and Climate Change.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 38, no. 3, 2010.
• Brailford, Feroze Duncan Gadekar. “Foreseeable Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change Causation: A Discussion of Tort Law’s Role in Providing Relief and Attributing Liability for Climate Change-Induced Harms.” Faculty of Law, Victoria University of Wellington, 2021.
• Kahloula, Mohammed. “La Problématique Juridique de la Pollution Atmosphérique d’Origine Industrielle.” Revue de Droit de l’Homme, no. 6, 1944.
• Prieur, Michel. Droit de l’environnement. 3rd ed., Dalloz, 1996.
• Wagner, Gerhard, and Arvid Arntz. “Liability for Climate Damage under the German Law of Torts.” No date.
Fifth: Online Sources
High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Frequently Asked Questions on Human Rights and Climate Change.” United Nations, Fact Sheet No. 38, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-
(https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022- Accessed 3 March 2025.
