العقوبات البديلة واثرها في الحد من أنتشار الأوبئة((دراسه مقارنه))

First: Linguistic Dictionaries.

1. Ibn Rajab Zayd al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Salami, Al-Qawa'id by Ibn Rajab, Dar al-Kitab al-Ilmiyyah, 1st edition, 2008.

2. Abd al-Rahman al-Suyuti Jalal al-Din, Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza'ir fi al-Nahw, Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyyah, n.d., Part One, 2007.

3. al-Fayruzabadi, Al-Qamus al-Muhit, Beirut, Lebanon, Al-Risala Foundation for Printing and Publishing, 1426 AH, 2005 AD.

4. Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Razzaq al-Murtada al-Zubaidi, Taj al-Arus, Jawahir al-Qamus, Dar al-Hidayah, Kuwait, 2006.

5. Muhammad ibn Makram ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab, 3rd ed., Adab al-Hawza, Beirut, 2016.

6. Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization, Dictionary of COVID-19 Terms, "Arabization Coordination Office," Rabat, 2020.

Second: Legal and Jurisprudential Books.

1. Ibrahim Khalil Al-Alaf, Enas Abdul Hadi Al-Rubaie, The Legal Status and Human Responsibility in Confronting the Pandemic, COVID-19 as a Model, Vol. 1, 1st ed., Dar Abu Talib, Baghdad, 2020.

2. Enas Abdul Hadi Al-Rubaie, The Legal Status and Human Responsibility in Confronting the Pandemic, COVID-19 as a Model, Al-Alamein Institute for Graduate Studies, Iraq, 2020.

3. Dr. Jalil Abu Al-Habb, Insects Carrying Infectious Diseases, 1st ed., Alam Al-Ma'rifa, Kuwait, 1982.

4. Dr. Khaled Fatiha, Adapting the Organization of Penal Institutions in Algeria to Preventive Measures to Limit the Spread of the COVID-19 Virus, a paper published in the proceedings of the virtual conference, The Coronavirus Pandemic: A New Challenge to the Law, Vol. 2, Germany, 2020.

5. Dr. Saadawi Muhammad Al-Saghir, Penalties and Their Alternatives in Contemporary Criminal Policy, 1st ed., Dar Al-Khalduniya Publishing House, Algeria, 2012.

6. Abdul Basit Al-Farhadi, Opinions and Proposals of the Expert Committee on the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (as amended) and the Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure No. 23 of 1973, and the Idea of Incorporating Alternative Penalties into Penal Legislation, Prisoners' Justice Network, 2018.

7. Abdul Rahman Wasayesh Al-Khalfi and Abdul Malik Sayesh, et al., Alternative Penalties, 1st ed., Modern Book Foundation, Lebanon, 2015.

8. Abdul Qader Husseini Ibrahim Mahfouz, Criminal Liability Arising from Viral Infection, PhD Thesis, Submitted to the Faculty of Law, Ain Shams University, 2007.

9. Dr. Alaa Hussein Mutlaq Al-Tamimi, The Legal Implications of the Coronavirus: Between Reality and Hope: An Analytical Study, Egyptian General Book Organization, Egypt, 2020.

10. Ali Ezz El-Din El-Baz, Towards Modern Penal Institutions, 1st ed., Al-Wafaa Legal Library, Alexandria, 2016.

11. Dr. Omar Khoury, Penal Policy (A Comparative Study), 1st ed., Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith, Cairo, 2010.

12. Ghanem Mohammed Ghanem, Human Rights in Prisons, Dar Al-Fikr Wal-Qanun, Cairo, 2017.

13. Farhan Saleh Ali Al-Rashidi, Police Personnel in Criminal Law - A Comparative Study, National Center for Legal Publications, Cairo, 2018.

14. Mohammed Hafez Al-Najjar, Prisoners' Rights in International Conventions and Egyptian Law, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2012.

15. Mohammed Saleh Al-Anzi, Modern Trends in Alternative Sanctions, 1st ed., Dar Al-Ghaida for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2006.

16. Youssef Salah Al-Din Youssef, The Consequences of Infectious Diseases from a Sharia and Medical Perspective, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami'i, Alexandria, 2008.

Third: Research and Articles.

1. Hussein Khalil Matar, The New Penal Trend: The Alternative Sanctions Model in Iraq, Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Law and Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, Volume 15, 2024.

2. Alaa Mohammed Rahim, Contemporary Trends in the Treatment of Prisoners in Correctional Institutions in Light of the Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners - An Analytical Study, Journal of the College of Education for Women, No. 2, University of Baghdad, 2014.

3. Adiba Mohammed Saleh, Alternative Sanctions and Alternative Measures in the Penal System, a study published in the International Journal of Que Lay Zantist, Lebanese-French University, Volume 7, Issue 1, 2022.

4. Ben Mekki Najat, Alternative Penalties between the Provisions of Islamic Criminal Legislation and Algerian Criminal Legislation, a study published in the Journal of Law and Political Science, University of Khenchela, Algeria, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2022.

5. Ben Mekki Najat, Alternative Penalties between the Provisions of Islamic Criminal Legislation and Algerian Criminal Legislation, a study published in the Journal of Law and Political Science, University of Khenchela, Algeria, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2022.

6. Hussein Abdel-Sada Hanoun, Police Officers of Internal Security Forces in Crimes Committed - A Comparative Study Between Iraqi and Egyptian Law, Iraqi Academic Scientific Journal, Volume 72, Issue 3, 2024.

7. Dr. Ahmed Saud, Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative to Short-Term Deprivation of Liberty Punishment, Journal of Legal and Political Science, Volume 9, Issue 3, Algeria, 2018.

8. Rassoul Faisal Dalloul, The Philosophy of the Iraqi Legislator in Alternative Penalties - An Analytical Study, Iraqi University Journal, Issue 55, Vol. 2.

9. Rashid Handal and Hisham Bakhoush, The Importance of Alternative Penalties on Prisoners' Health in Light of the COVID-19 Health Crisis, Journal of Legal and Political Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2023.

10. Samer Saadoun Al-Amri and Feryal Saleh Jali, The Subjectivity of the Penalty of Public Benefit Work, a study published in the College of Law, University of Baghdad, Special Issue, Volume 36, 2021.

11. Safaa Otani, Public Benefit Work in Contemporary Penal Policy (A Comparative Study), a study published in the Damascus University Journal of Economic and Legal Sciences, Issue 2, Volume 25, 2009.

12. Tayel Mahmoud Al-Shiyab and Salama Rashid Hussein, Community Service Penalties "Public Benefit Work" in Jordanian and Emirati Legislation: Between Reality and Hope, a study published in the Journal of the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Jordan, Issue 4, Volume 46, 2019.

13. Abdul-Aleem Muhammad Abboud Ma'bad, Future Strategies for Managing the Risks of Epidemics and Health Disasters in Light of the Experience of the Novel Coronavirus, a study Published in the Arab Journal of Security Studies, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Saudi Arabia, Volume 36, Issue 2, 2020.

14. Dr. Omar Awad Ahmed Al-Hala, Criminal Liability for the Crime of Transmission of Infection with the Novel Coronavirus in Yemeni Law, a study published in Al-Bawaz Journal of Legal and Judicial Studies, Yemen, Issue 7, 2020.

15. Dr. Anadel Al-Matar, The Extent to Which the Coronavirus Pandemic Is Considered a Force Majeure on Bilateral Contracts and Its Consequences Under Kuwaiti Law: A Comparative Study, a study published in the Journal of the Kuwait International Law School, Year 9, Issue 34, 2021.

16. Fatima Al-Zahraa Barba, Establishing Alternative Penalties, Their Historical Foundations, and the Most Important Alternative Trends in Algerian Criminal Law, a study published in the Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, Algeria, Volume 7, Issue 1, 2021.

17. Dr. Mazen Khalaf Nasser, Rehabilitation of Inmates of Penal Institutions: Between Reality and Challenges: Iraq as a Model, The American International Journal, Issue 9, Penalty 3, 2024.

18. Muhammad Hassan Qasim, "The Tenant in the Time of Corona: A Reading of the Ruling of the Damietta Court of First Instance, Fourth Circuit - Civil, dated March 18, 2020, in Case No. 609 of 2020, Civil, against Damietta," a study published in the International Journal of Jurisprudence, Judiciary, and Legislation, Egypt, Volume 2, Issue 2021.

19. Dr. Muhammad Fawzi Ibrahim, "The Conditional Release System - A Comparative Study," Arab Academy Journal, Volume 29, Issue 115, 2020, p. 22.

20. Maamri Labna, "Guarantees for the Protection of Prisoners from Cruel Treatment or Punishment in International Conventions," Tabna Journal for Scientific and Academic Studies, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2021.

21. Maghrawi Asmaa, Fasla Abdel Latif, "Procedural Provisions for the Electronic Monitoring System in the Law on the Organization of Prisons and the Social Reintegration of Prisoners," Journal of Judicial Reasoning, Volume 13, Issue 1, 2017.

22. Merivaan Mustafa, M.M. Rashid, and Hussein Abbas Hamid, "Electronic Monitoring System as an Alternative to Liberty Penalties," Journal of the Faculty of Law, Legal and Political Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 41, 2023.

23. Dr. Nisreen Faleh Hassan, "The Role of the World Health Organization in Dealing with the Coronavirus Pandemic - A Study in Light of International Positions," Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences, Volume (1), Issue (40), 2021.

24. Dr. Abdoun Awad, "Mechanisms for Preserving Employment in Light of the Coronavirus Pandemic Crisis," a study published in the Journal of Labor and Employment Law, Algeria, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2020.

Fourth: Theses and Dissertations.

1. Ahmed Mohamed Allam, Guarantees for the Convict During the Period of Implementing the Sentence, PhD thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law, Cairo University, 2012.

2. Ayad Ahmed Al-Jubouri, Criminal Liability for Infectious Transmission Crimes (A Comparative Study), Master's Thesis, submitted to the Faculty of Law, University of Mosul, 2015.

3. Al-Hijab Ibn A'idh Al-Daih Al-Dhibi, Alternatives to Imprisonment (A Comparative Study), Master's Thesis, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University - Higher Institute of the Judiciary - Department of Sharia Policy, Riyadh, 2000.

4. Hamad Amin Saleh Sadiq, Alternative Penalty Standards and Implementation Mechanisms, Master's Thesis, University of Salah al-Din, 2013.

5. Zahraa Aqeel Abdul-Hassan Al-Khatib, The Coronavirus Pandemic and Its Impact on Civil Litigation, Master's Thesis, submitted to the Faculty of Law, University of Basra, 2022.

6. Muhammad Hamid Hassan, Criminal Liability for the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus, Master's Thesis, submitted to the Faculty of Law, Tikrit University, 2021.

7. Marouf Muhammad Taher, Criminal Liability On the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic According to International and Domestic Law, Master's Thesis, Submitted to the Faculty of Law, Middle East University, 2021.

8. Mansour Nasr Abdel Hamid Qamouh, The Theory of Emergency Circumstances and Its Impact on Contractual Obligations in Civil Law and Islamic Jurisprudence, PhD Thesis, Submitted to the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Al-Azhar University, 1985.

Fifth: Websites.

1. Baraa Al-Shammari, Iraq Releases 20,000 Detainees, Prisoner Visits Prohibited, Article Published on the Following Website: https://www.alaraby.com.

2. Jamal Al-Asadi, Conditional Release in Light of the Coronavirus, Article Published on the Following Website: http://iac-iraq.com.

3. Virtual Family Visits and Remote Court Hearings in a Dubai Prison, Article Published by the Media Staff on the Following Website: https://kw.sahafahn.net.

4. Adel Al-Nawab, Coronavirus Spreads in Iraqi Prisons, an article published on the following website: https://www.alaraby.co.uk.

5. Amnesty International Calls on Egyptian Authorities to Reduce Prisoner Population, a press release published on the following website: https://www.aljazeera.net.

6. Ammar Al-Hanifat, Criminal Liability for Exposing Others to Risk of Transmission of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), an article published on the following website: https://garaanews.com.

7. Fadel Al-Nashmi, A Proposed Special Amnesty for Prisoners Sparks Controversy in Iraq, an article published on the following website: https://aawsat.com.

8. Editorial Team, Calls for the Release of Detainees in Egypt, an article published on the following website: https://www.noonpost.com.

9. Judge Ayad Mohsen Damd, The Punishment of Public Benefit Labor in Penal Codes, an article published on the following website: https://www.hjc.iq.

10. COVID-19: The ICRC's Response in Iraq, an article published on the following website: https://www.icrc.org.

11. Mohamed El Shahed, Egypt's Prisons... Continued Disregard for COVID-19 and the Lives of Detainees, published on the following website: https://www.alminasapress.com.

12. The Strategic Thought Center for Studies, The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Spread and Implications, an article published on the following link: https://fikercenter.com.

13. The Prison Authority is obligated to enable detainees to contact their families and lawyers by phone, and the Ministry of Interior must develop a plan to resume prison visits after a three-month hiatus, a press release published on the following website: https://eipr.org/press.

14. Heba Anis, Will "The..." Succeed?

15. Human Rights Watch calls on the UAE to take urgent measures after the spread of COVID-19 in 3 prisons. A press release published on the following website: https://www.aljazeera.net.

Sixth: Legislation and Laws.

1. The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005.

2. The Egyptian Constitution of 2014.

3. Egyptian Prisons Regulation Law No. (396) of 1956.

4. Prisoners and Detainees Reform Law No. (14) of 2018.

5. Egyptian Law No. (137) of 1958 regarding health precautions to prevent infectious diseases.

6. UAE Federal Law No. (14) of 2014 regarding communicable diseases.

7. Iraqi Public Health Law No. (89) of 1981, as amended.

8. Prisoners and Detainees Reform Law No. 14 of 2018.

9. Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure No. 23 of 1971, as amended.

10. Iraqi Penal Code No. (111) of 1969, as amended.

11. Ministry of Interior Resolution No. (79) of 1961 on the Internal Regulations of Prisons.

12. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice.

13. World Health Organization, International Health Regulations of 2006.

14. WHO Publications, 2016.