الاتفاقات المقيدة للمنافسة واثرها في السوق
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65263/e1h1c544الكلمات المفتاحية:
-الكلمات المفتاحية : ( الاتفاقات المقيِّدة للمنافسة , قانون المنافسة , السوق والحرية التنافسية, الاتفاقات الأفقية والرأسية ,دعوى المنافسة غير المشروعة ) .الملخص
-الملخّص
تُعدّ الاتفاقات المقيِّدة للمنافسة من أخطر الممارسات التي تُخلّ بحرية السوق وتُشوّه آليات التنافس المشروع، لما تنطوي عليه من تنسيق إرادي في السلوك الاقتصادي بين المنشآت المستقلة، يكون من شأنه منع المنافسة أو تقييدها أو التأثير في بنيتها. وقد أولت تشريعات المنافسة اهتمامًا خاصًا بهذه الاتفاقات نظرًا لما تُحدثه من آثار سلبية تمتد إلى المتنافسين وبنية السوق والمصلحة العامة.
يتناول هذا البحث دراسة قانونية مقارنة للاتفاقات المقيِّدة للمنافسة، من خلال تحليل مفهومها وشروط تحققها، وتمييزها عن الأوضاع القانونية التي قد تشتبه بها، ولا سيما التركز الاقتصادي وإساءة استغلال المركز المسيطر، فضلًا عن بيان صورها الرئيسة المتمثلة في الاتفاقات الأفقية والاتفاقات الرأسية، وأثر كل منها في حرية المنافسة داخل السوق.
واعتمد البحث المنهج التحليلي المقارن، مستندًا إلى دراسة النصوص التشريعية والاتجاهات الفقهية في قانون المنافسة ومنع الاحتكار العراقي رقم (14) لسنة 2010، وقانون حماية المنافسة ومنع الممارسات الاحتكارية المصري رقم (3) لسنة 2005 وتعديلاته، إضافة إلى القانون التجاري الفرنسي ولا سيما أحكام المواد (L420-1 وما بعدها من تقنين التجارة الفرنسي، مع مناقشة المعايير المعتمدة للحد من الاتفاقات المقيِّدة للمنافسة. وفي هذا الإطار، يأخذ البحث بمعيار الأثر بوصفه المعيار الأجدر بالاعتداد في تقييم مشروعية هذه الاتفاقات، لكونه أكثر انسجامًا مع الطبيعة الاقتصادية لقانون المنافسة ومع الغاية الحمائية التي يستهدفها، مقارنةً بالتركيز على الشكل القانوني للاتفاق أو نية أطرافه.
كما خُصص جانب من البحث لدراسة الحماية القضائية من الاتفاقات المقيِّدة للمنافسة، من خلال تحليل دعوى المنافسة غير المشروعة بوصفها وسيلة فعّالة لمواجهة هذه الممارسات، وبيان أساسها القانوني وشروطها وآثارها، ولا سيما التعويض بنوعيه العيني والنقدي.
Abstract-
Restrictive agreements are among the most serious practices that undermine market freedom and distort the mechanisms of fair competition, as they involve deliberate coordination of economic behavior between independent undertakings in a manner that prevents, restricts, or affects the structure of competition. For this reason, competition legislations have given particular attention to such agreements due to their adverse effects on competitors, market structure, and the public interest.
This study provides a comparative legal analysis of restrictive agreements by examining their concept, conditions of existence, and distinguishing them from legally similar situations, particularly economic concentration and abuse of a dominant position. It also analyzes their principal forms, namely horizontal and vertical agreements, and assesses the impact of each on the freedom of competition within the market.
The research adopts an analytical and comparative methodology, based on the examination of legislative texts and doctrinal approaches under the Iraqi Competition and Anti-Monopoly Law No. (14) of 2010, the Egyptian Competition Law No. (3) of 2005 and its amendments, as well as French law, particularly Articles L420-1 et seq. of the French Commercial Code. The study discusses the standards used to limit restrictive agreements and adopts the effects-based approach as the most appropriate criterion for assessing their legality, given its consistency with the economic nature of competition law and its protective objectives, as opposed to focusing on the legal form of the agreement or the subjective intent of its parties.
Furthermore, the study examines judicial protection against restrictive agreements through an analysis of unfair competition actions as an effective legal mechanism to counter such practices, highlighting their legal basis, conditions, and effects, particularly remedies in the form of injunctive relief and monetary compensation.
المراجع
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-French Laws:
1-French Civil Code .
2-French Commercial Code.
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