Forensic evidence in environmental crimes
Keywords:
forensic evidence, environmental crimes, criminal evidence, environmental justice, environmental legislation, environmental investigation.Abstract
In light of the increase in environmental crimes resulting from industrial expansion and the misuse of natural resources, there is an urgent need for accurate legal and scientific tools to detect and prosecute these crimes. This research examines the topic of forensic evidence in environmental crime, highlighting its importance as a critical means in proving environmental damage and determining criminal liability. The research also reviews the types of environmental evidence and its technical characteristics, such as physical, chemical, biological and digital evidence, and highlights the challenges facing its use, from weak technical infrastructure, lack of expertise, inadequate legislation, to lack of institutional coordination.
References
References:
First: Books:
1. Dr. Khaled Mustafa Al-Hayali, Environmental Crimes - An Analytical Study of Contemporary Criminal Legislation, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan, 2016.
2. Dr. Saad Jassim Muhammad, Criminal Evidence - A Study in Light of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Dar Al-Zahraa for Publishing and Distribution, Baghdad, 2020.
3. Dr. Abdul Aziz Khalaf Al-Jumaili, Criminal Investigation - An Analytical Study of Criminal Evidence, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2015.
4. Dr. Muhammad Rashad Al-Qaisi, Criminal Evidence in Environmental Criminal Law, Wael Publishing House, Jordan, 2017.
5. Dr. Abdul Aziz Khalaf Al-Jumaili, Criminal Investigation - An Analytical Study of Criminal Evidence, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2015.
6. Dr. Abdul Fattah Abdullah Abdul Jabbar, Environmental Legislation: Between Shortcomings and Reality, Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadida, 2018.
7. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah Abu al-Naja, The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Protection, Dar al-Fikr al-Jami'i, 2020, p. 90.
Second: Research:
1. Published research by Dr. Ahmed Abis Nima al-Fatlawi and Taqi Abdullah Mahmoud, article title: "The Role of International Criminal Evidence in Criminalizing Ecocide," Kufa Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, University of Kufa - College of Law, Volume/Issue: Vol. 16, No. 57, 2023.
2. Dr. Khaled Abdullah, Institutional Organization for Environmental Protection in Iraqi Law, research published in the Journal of the College of Law - University of Baghdad, Issue 2, 2019.
3. Dr. Manal al-Baghdadi, Environmental Management and the Legislation Regulating It, Journal of Law, University of Baghdad, Issue 3, 2021.
Third: Foreign Sources:
1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - USA, Forensics Support for Environmental Enforcement.
2. UNODC, Toolkit for Prosecuting Environmental Crimes, 2012
Fourth: Electronic links:
