International legal protection of climate change using artificial intelligence techniques

Abstract

Climate change poses a major challenge to humanity due to its effects, such as rising temperatures, melting glaciers, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, storms, forest fires, and drought. Furthermore, the increased demand for energy, coupled with the expected increase in global population, will exacerbate the resulting effects on climate and other climate changes, which greatly affect humans. Since ancient times, humans have used technology to provide solutions and confront the difficulties of climate change, enabling them to live in a more suitable and prosperous environment. This is despite its negative role in increasing pollution rates since the First Industrial Revolution, which transitioned from coal to the steam engine in the eighteenth century, the Second Industrial Revolution, which invented electrical energy at the end of the nineteenth century, the Third Industrial Revolution, which focused on the transformation of the productive movement to automation and the development of computers and the Internet in the 1960s, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which combined physical sciences with digital and biological systems through electronically controlled machines and smart machines connected to the Internet, such as the Internet of Things, 3D printing, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Others have taken the form of applications that have entered all areas of life and work, significantly impacting the climate, both positively and negatively. Jurisprudence has presented opinions regarding the relationship between technology and climate. Some view the negative impacts of technological technologies on the climate, while others focus on the role of technological technologies in combating climate change, aiming to bring about changes in information technology applications in line with environmental conservation and sustainable development standards, and the possibility of integrating them to preserve the environment and spread environmental awareness through digital platforms. Furthermore, the significant development in artificial intelligence contributes significantly to providing solutions to mitigate harmful impacts. Hence, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a technological tool to combat climate change in several ways, including reducing emissions by improving energy use in buildings, transportation, and industry, improving energy efficiency by analyzing data from sensors and other sources to identify areas where energy use can be reduced, improving heating and cooling systems in buildings, which reduces energy use, and also improving the operation of wind turbines and solar panels, which leads to increased energy production, tracking sources of air pollution, weather forecasting, protecting large areas of forests and hard-to-reach wetlands through aerial photography and analysis, agriculture using drones, controlling air pollution, and sequestering carbon. This is in addition to reducing problems associated with industry that affect the climate and the resulting emissions, utilizing raw materials and energy, and working to improve the quality of the entire industrial process across all its stages. This has prompted countries to double their efforts to use these technologies and exploit them in a way that benefits humanity as a tool to combat climate change and work to establish international cooperation that achieves the common benefit of all humanity from this technology and averts the risks of climate change, in addition to the efforts of international organizations, which seek to achieve several goals in order to prepare for climate change. In climate change, as well as the changing nature of energy sources, the increasing demand for them, and their relationship to achieving the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.