The Specificities of Container Transport and its Impact on the Maritime Carrier's Liability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65263/w4ts2e30Keywords:
Transport privacy, containers, carrier's liability, maritimeAbstract
container transport has been and continues to be amajor develobment and leap forward in the filed of international transport . it is considered on the most promenent manifestations of modernity that has contributed to the introduction of a unified system for transporting goods
References
First: Legal Books
1. Dr. Ibrahim Makki Ibrahim, *The System of Transport via Shipping Units (Containers)*, Dar Al-Qabas for Press, Printing, and Publishing, 1st Edition, Kuwait, 1975.
2. Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Monsef Mahmoud, *Maritime Transport Economics*, Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadida (New University House), 1st Edition, Alexandria, 2001.
3. Dr. Osama Abdel-Aziz, *The Legal Regulation of Container Transport*, Munsha'at Al-Ma'aref, Alexandria, 2004.
4. Dr. Amira Sedqi, *Lessons in Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 2nd Edition, Cairo, 1975.
5. Dr. Ayman Al-Nahrawi, *The International Transport System via Container Ships*, Dar Al-Fikra Al-Jami'i, 1st Edition, Alexandria, 2009.
6. Dr. Bassem Mohamed Saleh, *Commercial Law (Part One)*, Al-Atik Company, Beirut.
7. Dr. Suleiman Morcos, *Explanation of Civil Law (Nominate Contracts) / Vol. 1: The Contract of Sale*, 1968.
8. Dr. Mohamed Mohamed Hilaliya, *A Brief Overview of Private Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.
9. Dr. Ramadan Abu Al-Saud, *The General Theory of Obligations*, Dar Al-Matbou'at Al-Jami'iya (University Publications House), Alexandria, 2002.
10. Dr. Samiha Al-Qalyoubi, *A Summary of Maritime Law*, Modern Cairo Library, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1969. 11. Dr. Suzan Ali Hassan, *The Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Container*, New University Publishing House, Egypt, 2004.
12. Dr. Shawqi Ramez Shaaban, *Customs Administration and Port Management*, Al-Dar Al-Jami'iyya, Beirut, 2000.
13. Dr. Salah al-Din al-Nahi, *Explanation of Iraqi Commercial Law*, Part I, Al-Rashid Press, 2nd Edition, Baghdad, 1949.
14. Dr. Adel Ali Al-Miqdawi, *Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2002.
15. Dr. Abdel Hamid Morsi Anbar, *New Developments in Loading, Unloading, and Container Handling in Ports*, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2017.
16. Abdel Razzaq Ahmed Al-Sanhouri, *The Mediator in Explaining the New Civil Law*, Part I, Dar Ihya Al-Turath Al-Arabi, Beirut (n.d.).
17. Dr. Abdel Fadil Mohamed Ahmed, *Private Air Law*, New Al-Jalaa Library, Mansoura (n.d.).
18. Dr. Abdel Qader Hussein Al-Atir, *Containers and Their Impact on the Performance of the Maritime Transport Contract*, Al-Dar Al-Jami'iyya / Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Amman, 1983.
19. Abdel Qader Hussein Al-Atir & Basim Mohamed Melhem, *The Mediator in Explaining Maritime Trade Law (A Comparative Study)*, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Amman, 2009. 20. Abdulqader Hussein Al-Atir, *The Intermediate Guide to Explaining Maritime Commercial Law*, Al-Thaqafa Library for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Jordan, 1999.
21. Dr. Ali Jamal al-Din Awad, *Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1970.
22. Dr. Ali Hassan Youssef, *Maritime Contracts*, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1978.
23. Dr. Ali Hassan Youssef, *Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1963.
24. Dr. Kamal Hamdi, *The Loading and Unloading Contract in Maritime Transport*, Munsha’at Al-Ma’arif, 1st Edition, Alexandria, 2002.
25. Dr. Latif Jabr Kumani, *Maritime Law*, Dar Al-Thaqafa Library for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, 1998.
26. Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed El-Feki, *The Evolution of Maritime Transport Law Rules Under the Influence of Container Usage*, Dar Al-Jami’a Al-Jadida, Alexandria, 2007.
27. Dr. Mohamed El-Feki, *The Evolution of Maritime Transport Law Rules Under the Influence of Container Usage*, Dar Al-Jami’a Al-Jadida, Egypt, 2007.
28. Dr. Mohamed Bahgat Abdullah Amin, *Maritime Commercial Law (Part I)*, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1st Edition, 2005.
29. Dr. Mohamed Gharib Abdel Aziz, *The Legal Regime of Containerized Maritime Transport*, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami’i, Alexandria, 2006.
30. Mohamed Nasr Mohamed, *A Concise Guide to Maritime Law According to Comparative Legal Systems*, Law and Economics Library, 1st Edition, Riyadh, 2012. 31. Dr. Mohamed Wassim Ghali, *Transactions of High-Seas Officers*, Al-Maaref Establishment, 1st Edition, Alexandria, 1976.
32. Dr. Mahmoud Samir El-Sharkawy, "The Status of the Consignee in the Bill of Lading," *Journal of Law and Economics*, Cairo University Press, Cairo, 1967.
33. Dr. Mustafa Kamal Taha, *Marine Insurance and Marine Guarantee*, University House for Printing and Publishing, Lebanon, 1992.
34. Dr. Mustafa Kamal Taha, *Commercial Contracts*, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami'i, 1st Edition, Alexandria, 2005.
35. Dr. Mustafa Kamal Taha, *Maritime Law*, University Publications House, Alexandria, n.d.
36. Dr. Wajdi Hatoum, *Maritime Transport in Light of Law and International Treaties*, Modern Book Establishment, 1st Edition, Lebanon, 2011.
Secondly: Research Papers
1. Ikhlas Latif Mohammed, "The Liability of the Maritime Carrier for Cargo Damage and Loss (A Comparative Study)," research published in *Lark Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics and Social Sciences*, Issue 26, 2017.
2. Akram Rabhi, Ayman Massasi, Bouchra Ben Aissa, Souad Belabbas, *Maritime Transport*, National Specialized Institute for Vocational Training in Management (Nassef Ezz-Eddin), Blida, 4th Semester, 2025. 3. Baan Ali Hussein Al-Mashhadani, "The Evolution of International Container Shipping (2008–2020) and the Challenges It Faces," *North African Economics Journal*, Vol. 17, No. 27, 2021.
4. Dr. Helou Abdul Rahman Abu Helou, "Delay in Cargo Delivery under the Maritime Transport Contract: A Comparative Study," *Al-Manara Journal*, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2007.
5. Dr. Khaled Abu Taha, "The Liability of the Maritime Carrier under Omani Law," *Kufa Journal for Legal and Political Sciences*, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2025.
6. Raed Ahmed Khalil & Dr. Rayan Hashim Hamdoun, "The Maritime Carrier's Liability for Deck Cargo," *Basra Studies Journal*, Vol. 18, No. 50, 2023.
7. Taher Shawqi Mo'men, "Containers and the Risks of Maritime Boundary Violations," *Eastern Thought Journal* (UAE), No. 105, 2018, p. 6.
8. Arif Hassan Abdullah Al-Sha'bi, "The Impact of..." Applying the Concept of Multimodal Transport to Achieve Economic Development Goals; research published in the *Journal of the Higher Institute for Specific Studies*, Vol. 4, No. 12, 2024, p. 393.
9. Dr. Abdul Qader Hussein Al-Atir, The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980); *Journal of Law and Sharia*, Issue 1, Kuwait University, 1984.
10. Dr. Imad al-Din Abdel-Hay, Balancing the Obligations of the Maritime Carrier to Serve the Interests of Carriers and Shippers under the Rotterdam Rules (2008); research published in the *Damascus University Journal for Economic and Legal Sciences*, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 2016.
11. Laila Qamaz, The Role of Containers in Compromising Maritime Security and Safety; *Algerian Journal of Maritime Law and Transport*, Issue 2, 2014, p. 57.
12. Dr. Majid Hamid Al-Anbaki, Bills of Lading and the Evolution of Transport Methods; research published in the *Journal of Sciences*, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 1988.
13. Marwan Naseer Naeem, The Legal Basis for the Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea; research published in *Wameedh Al-Fikr* (Glimmer of Thought) Journal, 2022. 14. Dr. Meriem Krid & Dr. Nasr El-Din Sammar, "Maritime Cargo Shipping and Related Operations under Algerian Legislation and International Conventions," *Journal of Sharia and Economics*, Vol. 7, Issue 2 (No. 14), 2018.
15. Dr. Walid Khaled Attia, "Legal Aspects of the Maritime Carrier’s Obligation to Provide a Seaworthy Vessel: A Comparative Study of Maritime Trade Rules, the Hague Rules, and the Hamburg Rules," published in *Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli Journal for Legal and Political Sciences*, Year 5, Issue 1.
16. Dr. Yaqoub Yousef Sarkhouh, "The Legal Status of Container Stowage on the Deck of a Ship," *Journal of Law and Sharia*, Kuwait University, Issues 1 & 2, 1992.
III. Theses and Dissertations
1. Saleh Khaled, "The Legal Regime of the Contract for Container Transport by Sea," Master’s Thesis in Legal Sciences, University of Algiers, 2013, p. 56.
2. Abdul Rahman Salim, "Conditions for Exemption from Liability under the Bill of Lading Convention," Doctoral Dissertation, Alexandria University, 1956. 3. Itab Youssef Hassoun, *Evaluating the Efficiency of Financial and Administrative Assessment Criteria Used in the Maritime Transport Sector: A Case Study of the Latakia and Tartous Ports*, Master’s Thesis submitted to Tishreen University, Department of Business Administration, 2007.
Fourth: International Conventions
1. Rotterdam Rules / United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, 2008.
2. Hague Rules / Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Hague-Visby Rules), 1968.
3. Brussels Convention / International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Hague Rules), 1924.
4. Hamburg Rules / United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978.
Fifth: Laws
1. Iraqi Transport Law No. (80) of 1983.
2. Egyptian Maritime Trade Law No. (8) of 1990.
Sixth: English Sources
1. DELEBECQUE (Ph.), *Le transport multimodal*, *Revue Internationale de droit comparé*, 1998.
2. Hego Hoyer Leivestad, "The Shipping Container," *History and Anthropology*, Volume 33, Issue 2, 2022, p. 202.
3. W. Brad Jones, C. Richard Cassady, Royce O. Bowden Jr., *Developing a Standard Definition of Intermodal Transportation*, U.S. Department of Transportation – University Transportation Centers Program, 2000, pp. 8–9.
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